• • DRAMP ID

  • DRAMP03304

• • Peptide Name

  • Hydramacin-1 (Hm-1; annelida, animals)

• • Source

  • Hydra vulgaris (Hydra) (Hydra attenuata)

• • Family

  • Belongs to the macin family

• • Gene

  • Not found

• • Sequence

  • QIVDCWETWSRCTKWSQGGTGTLWKSCNDRCKELGRKRGQCEEKPSRCPLSKKAWTCICY

• • Sequence Length

  • 60

• • UniProt Entry

  • B3RFR8

• • Protein Existence

  • Protein level

• • Biological Activity

  • Antimicrobial, Antibacterial, Anti-Gram+, Anti-Gram-

• • Target Organism

  • • Gram-negative bacteria:

      Target Organism	Activity
      Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606	MBC=7.1 µM
      Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 25416	MBC>14.3 μM
      Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 17759	MBC>14.3 μM
      B. cepacia LMG 16654	MBC>14.3 μM
      Citrobacter freundii NCTC 9750	MBC=7.1 μM
      C. freundii C7	MBC=0.9 μM
      Enterobacter cloacae Va11263/03	MBC>14.3 μM
      E. cloacae Va12270/03	MBC=0.9 μM
      Escherichia coli ATCC 25922	MBC=0.9 μM
      Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883	MBC=0.9 μM
      Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 13182	MBC=0.9 μM
      Proteus mirabilis ATCC 21100	MBC=14.3 μM
      P. vulgaris ATCC 13315	MBC>14.3 μM
      Providencia rettgeri NCTC 7475	MBC>14.3 μM
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 11446	MBC>14.3 μM
      Salmonella typhimurium 10003442	MBC=0.9 μM
      S. typhimurium 10003630	MBC=0.9 μM
      Serratia marcescens Mero060/148	MBC>14.3 µM
      S. marcescens Mero103/013	MBC>14.3 μM
      S. marcescens NCTC 10211	MBC>14.3 μM
      Yersinia enterocolitica NCTC 11176	MBC=0.9 µM

    • Multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria:

      Target Organism	Activity
      Escherichia coli Co 86 ESBL	MBC=3.6 μM
      Klebsiella oxytoca ESBL 33	MBC=7.1 µM
      K. oxytoca ESBL 37	MBC=3.6 μM
      Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603	MBC=3.6 μM

    • Gram-positive bacteria:

      Target Organism	Activity
      Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538	MBC>14.3 μM
      Staphylococcus haemolyticus ATCC 29970	MBC=1.8 μM
      Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 12344	MBC>14.3 μM

    • Multi-resistant Gram-positive bacteria:

      Target Organism	Activity
      Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33593 (MRSA)	MBC>14.3 μM
      Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299	MBC>14.3 μM

• • Hemolytic Activity

  • • No hemolysis information or data found in the reference(s) presented in this entry

• • Cytotoxicity

  • • Not included yet

• • Binding Target

  • cell membrane

• • Linear/Cyclic

  • Not included yet

• • N-terminal Modification

  • Not included yet

• • C-terminal Modification

  • Not included yet

• • Nonterminal Modifications and Unusual Amino Acids

  • Not included yet

• • Stereochemistry

  • Not included yet

• • Structure

  • Combine helix and strand structure

• • Structure Description

  • The molecule possesses two short α-helices (residues 10-14 and 27-33) at the N terminus which are separated by a long flexible loop. The C-terminal region contains two β-strands (residues 38-42 and 56-60) in an antiparallel arrangement separated by a long flexible loop.

• • Helical Wheel Diagram

  • 

• • PDB ID

  • 2K35 resolved by NMR.

• Predicted Structure

• There is no predicted structure for DRAMP03304.

DRAMP03304

• • Function

  • Hydramacin-1 is potently active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including multi-resistant human pathogenic strains. Is not active against the Gram-positive Coccus species, Gram-negative non-fermentation species and against the fungus C.albicans. It leads to aggregation of bacteria as an initial step of its bactericidal mechanism. Aggregated cells are connected via electron-dense contacts and adopt a thorn apple-like morphology. Hydramycin contains a belt of positively charged residues that separate two hydrophobic areas. This structure may explain the observed aggregation of bacteria, since each of these areas can immerse into the outer leaflets of the membranes of two individual bacteria. Is able to permeabilize membranes of viable bacteria at low and neutral pH values, but no pore-forming activity is not detected.

• • Tissue specificity

  • Expressed in the endodermal epithelium.

• • Induction

  • By bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

• • PTM

  • Contains four disulfide bonds.

• ·Literature 1

• • Title

  • Uncovering the evolutionary history of innate immunity: the simple metazoan Hydra uses epithelial cells for host defence.

• • Pubmed ID

  • 19013190

• • Reference

  • Dev Comp Immunol. 2009 Apr;33(4):559-569.

• • Author

  • Bosch TC, Augustin R, Anton-Erxleben F, Fraune S, Hemmrich G, Zill H, Rosenstiel P, Jacobs G, Schreiber S, Leippe M, Stanisak M, Grötzinger J, Jung S, Podschun R, Bartels J, Harder J, Schröder JM.

• ·Literature 2

• • Title

  • Hydramacin-1, structure and antibacterial activity of a protein from the basal metazoan Hydra.

• • Pubmed ID

  • 19019828

• • Reference

  • J Biol Chem. 2009 Jan 16;284(3):1896-1905.

• • Author

  • Jung S, Dingley AJ, Augustin R, Anton-Erxleben F, Stanisak M, Gelhaus C, Gutsmann T, Hammer MU, Podschun R, Bonvin AM, Leippe M, Bosch TC, Grötzinger J.