General Information

    • DRAMP ID

    • DRAMP01109

    • Peptide Name

    • Maximin-3 (Toads, amphibians, animals)

    • Source

    • Bombina maxima (Giant fire-bellied toad) (Chinese red belly toad)

    • Family

    • Belongs to the bombinin family

    • Gene

    • Not found

    • Sequence

    • GIGGKILSGLKTALKGAAKELASTYLH

    • Sequence Length

    • 27

    • Protein Existence

    • Protein level

Activity Information

    • Biological Activity

    • Antimicrobial, Antibacterial, Anti-Gram+, Anti-Gram-, Antifungal, Antiviral, Anti-cancer

    • Target Organism

      • [Ref.11835991] Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC=0.9 µg/ml), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC=3.1 µg/ml);
      • Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592 (MIC=3.1 µg/ml), Bacillus pyocyaneus CMCCB 10104 (MIC=1.5 µg/ml), Bacillus megatherium (MIC=0.9 µg/ml), Bacillus dysenteriae (MIC=0.9 µg/ml);
      • Yeast: Candida albicans ATCC 2002 (MIC=15 µg/ml);
      • Virus: HIV-1 (IC50=11.4 µg/ml, EC50=1.5 µg/ml);
      • Cancer cell lines: C8166 (IC50=11.4 µg/ml), Molt-4 (IC50=25.2 µg/ml), BIU-87 (IC50=28 µg/ml), T24 (IC50=18 µg/ml).

    • Hemolytic Activity

      • [Ref:11835991]Little hemolytic activity at 50 μg/ml against red blood cells

    • Cytotoxicity

      • Not included yet

    • Binding Target

    • Cell membrane

Structure Information

    • Linear/Cyclic

    • Not included yet

    • N-terminal Modification

    • Not included yet

    • C-terminal Modification

    • Not included yet

    • Nonterminal Modifications and Unusual Amino Acids

    • Not included yet

    • Stereochemistry

    • Not included yet

    • Structure

    • Not found

    • Structure Description

    • Maximins are linear cationic peptides and easy to form membrane pore and they may induce a detergent-type disruption of sperm membrane like in the case of magainins.

    • Helical Wheel Diagram

    • DRAMP01109 helical wheel diagram

    • Predicted Structure

Physicochemical Information

    • Formula

    • C122H209N33O35

    • Absent Amino Acids

    • CDFMNPQRVW

    • Common Amino Acids

    • GL

    • Mass

    • 2698.2

    • PI

    • 9.83

    • Basic Residues

    • 5

    • Acidic Residues

    • 1

    • Hydrophobic Residues

    • 11

    • Net Charge

    • +4

    • Boman Index

    • 0.63

    • Hydrophobicity

    • 0.244

    • Aliphatic Index

    • 115.93

    • Half Life

      • Mammalian:30 hour
      • Yeast:>20 hour
      • E.coli:>10 hour

    • Extinction Coefficient Cystines

    • 1490

    • Absorbance 280nm

    • 57.31

    • Polar Residues

    • 10

DRAMP01109

DRAMP01109 chydropathy plot

Comments Information

    • Function

    • Antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Has little hemolytic activity. Possess a significant cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines. Possess a significant anti-HIV activity. High spermicidal activity. No amidation at the C-terminus.

    • Toxic dose

    • LD50 is 4.3 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection into mice.

    • Tissue specificity

    • Expressed by the skin glands.

Literature Information

  • ·Literature 1

    • Title

    • Variety of antimicrobial peptides in the Bombina maxima toad and evidence of their rapid diversification.

    • Reference

    • Eur J Immunol. 2005 Apr;35(4):1220-9.

    • Author

    • Lee WH, Li Y, Lai R, Li S, Zhang Y, Wang W.
  • ·Literature 2

    • Title

    • Antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima.

    • Reference

    • Peptides. 2002 Mar;23(3):427-435.

    • Author

    • Lai R, Zheng YT, Shen JH, Liu GJ, Liu H, Lee WH, Tang SZ, Zhang Y.